Bhatia M, Sharma A, Ravikumar R, Maurya VK.Early magnetic resonance imaging compared with bone scintigraphy in suspected scaphoid fractures. Beeres FJP, Rhemrev SJ, den Hollander P, et al. Treatment of Trans-Scaphoid Perilunate Dislocations Using a Volar Approach With Scaphoid Osteosynthesis and Temporary Kirschner Wire Fixation. Diagnosis and management of scaphoid fractures. International Journal of Emergency Medicine. Current methods of diagnosis and treatment of scaphoid fractures. Rhemrev SJ, Ootes D, Beeres FJ, Meylaerts SA, Schipper IB.The epidemiology of fractures of the scaphoid. Acute fractures of the scaphoid bone: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Alshryda S, Shah A, Odak S, Al-Shryda J, Ilango B, Murali SR.The differential diagnoses listed here are not exhaustive. Closed reduction with cast immobilization.X-ray: most commonly, metacarpal bones displaced dorsally to the lunate bone in lateral view.Clinical features: usually non-specific ( pain in the wrist, swelling, restricted movement) possibly signs of median nerve injury.Etiology: fall onto a hyperextended wrist, deviated toward the ulna.Definition: dorsal dislocation of the wrist around the fixated, unmoved lunate bone commonly associated with a fractured scaphoid bone ( transcaphoid perilunate fracture-dislocation).Treatment: emergent closed reduction and immobilization followed by open reduction and internal fixation.X-ray: The lateral radiograph shows a loss of colinearity of radius, lunate, and capitate.Clinical features : : wrist swelling, pain, and signs of median nerve injury (e.g., acute carpal tunnel syndrome).Etiology: high-energy trauma with dorsal extension and ulnar deviation of the wrist.Definition: disruption of perilunate ligaments and radiocarpal ligament with displacement of the lunate bone (usually volarly) while the rest of the carpal bones remain in a normal anatomic position.
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